Gerald Clarke, "The Meaning of Nostalgia," Time, 3 May 1971, 77; Michael Wood, "Nostalgia or Never," New Society 30 (7 Nov. 1974): 343-47; Alvin Toffler, Future Shock (1970); Peter Clecak, America's Search for the Ideal Self (1983); "Nostalgia," Newsweek, 28 Dec. 1970, 34-38; Frank Heath, "Nostalgia Shock," Saturday Review, 29 May 1971, 18; "Why the Craze for the 'Good Old Days'?" U.S. News & World Report, I2 Nov. 1973, 72; Howard F. Stein, "American Nostalgia," Columbia Forum, n.s. 3 (summer 1974): 20-23; Richard Hasbany, "Irene: Considering the Nostalgic Sensibility," Journal of Popular Culture 9 (spring 1976): 816-26; Roy McMullen, "That Rose-Colored Rearview Mirror," Saturday Review, 2 Oct. 1976, 22-23; "There's Gold in That Nostalgia," Newsweek, II Oct. 1976, 49-50; "Packing Up the Past," Good Housekeeping, Nov. 1979, 94ff.; Robert Rubens, "The Backward Glance: A Contemporary Taste for Nostalgia," Contemporary Review (London) 239 (Sept. I98I): 149-50; Robert L. Tyler, "High Noon in Memory Lane," Humanist 41 (May‐ June 1981): 44-45; Thomas Powers, "Yesterday's Talismans," Commonweal, 19 June I98I, 361-62; Jeff Greenfield, "Nostalgia on TV," Vogue, March 1982, 200; and Richard Louv, America II (1983). More substantial investigations of contemporary nostalgia include Fred Davis, Yearning for Yesterday: A Sociology of Nostalgia (1979); Anthony Brand, "A Short Natural History of Nostalgia," Atlantic, Dec. 1978, 58-63; Edward Shils, "Mass Society and Its Culture," in Norman Jacobs, ed., Culture for the Millions (1961); and David Lowenthal, The Past Is a Foreign County (1985). Macaulay's injunction to study "ordinary men as they appear in their ordinary business" is quoted in Chapman, Sense of the Past.

My discussion of the Enlightenment draws heavily on Thomas J. Schlereth, The Cosmopolitan Ideal in Enlightenment Thought (1977); see also Wilson Carey McWilliams, The Idea of Fraternity in America (1973). The section on Burke rests largely on his Reflections on the Revolution in France (1790), as well as his Letter to William Smith (1795) and his Thoughts on the Prospect of a Regicide Peace (1796). For commentary on Burke, see Francis P. Canavan, The Political Reason of Edmund Burke (1960); Alfred Cobban, Edmund Burke and the Revolt against the Eighteenth Century (2d ed., 1960); David Cameron, The Social Thought of Rousseau and Burke (1973); and especially the rich and suggestive study by Bruce James Smith, Politics and Remembrance (1985).

Hannah Arendt, The Human Condition (1958), is the starting point for an understanding of the difference between action and behavior and of the concept of society, which depends so heavily on a behavioral view of human conduct. On the contrast between republican and sociological criticism of modern life, see John T. Miller, Ideology and Enlightenment: The Political and Social Thought of Samuel Taylor Coleridge (1987). Lewis Henry Morgan's glowing account of the ancient gentes can be found in Ancient Society (1877); William Morris's reference to "railers against progress," in Raymond Williams, Culture and Society, 1780-1950 (1958), which also offers a penetrating examination of the way nineteenth-century writers played off

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